An exploration of the vascular flora of Pine City Natural Area, Monroe County, Arkansas, U.S.A., in comparison to the Mississippi Alluvial Plain in eastern Arkansas (U.S.A.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v16.i1.1226Keywords:
Floristic inventory, collection bias, collection practices, oak savanna, pine flatwoods, oak flatwoods, southeastern grasslands, natural area, rare species, Red-cockaded WoodpeckerAbstract
The Mississippi Alluvial Plain (MAP) ecoregion in eastern Arkansas has had >90% of its land area converted to agriculture and has historically been under-collected floristically, including the ecologically unique site, Pine City Natural Area (PCNA). Actively managed by the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission, PCNA contains diverse loblolly pine-post oak flatwoods and some of the last known saline barrens in the MAP. Our inventory of the vascular flora in and around PCNA resulted in the documentation of 113 families, 308 genera, and 576 taxa (including infraspecific taxa); 482 (83.7%) are native, 9 (1.6%) are of state conservation concern, and 184 (31.9%) represent county records. The total taxa known for Monroe County, Arkansas, increased from 583 to 767. The most taxa-rich families included Poaceae (92 taxa), Asteraceae (65), Cyperaceae (48), and Fabaceae (42). In the surrounding ten-county region, 27 taxa (4.7%) documented at PCNA had not been vouchered, and 196 taxa (34.0%) are known from half or fewer surrounding MAP counties. We examined families in need of additional exploration in the MAP to better understand county-level floristic richness. The richest graminoid families, the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae, are apparently the most understudied in the MAP, based on low relative numbers of herbarium specimens. The richness in the PCNA flora, in comparison to the broader MAP, demonstrates the need for continued floristic inventory in eastern Arkansas to locate areas of high conservation value in need of protection.
References
ARKANSAS NATURAL HERITAGE COMMISSION. 2018. Pine City Natural Area management plan. Internal agency document. Pine City, Arkansas, U.S.A.
ARKANSAS NATURAL HERITAGE COMMISSION. 2022. Database of elements of special conservation concern. Little Rock, AR, U.S.A.
ARKANSAS GIS OFFICE. 2018. 3D elevation program 1-meter resolution digital elevation model. Available at https://gis.arkansas.gov/product/dem-1m-2018/. Accessed September 2018.
BAKER, B.T. 2007. The vascular flora of Scott County and Yell County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, University of Central Arkansas, U.S.A.
BECK, H.E., N.E. ZIMMERMANN, T.R. MCVICAR, N. VERGOPOLAN, A. BERG, & E.F. WOOD. 2018. Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci. Data 5(1):1–12.
BRAGG, D.C. 2005. Presettlement Pinus taeda in the Mississippi Valley Alluvial Plain of the Monroe County, Arkansas area. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 59:187–95.
BRIDSON, D. & L. FORMAN. 1998. The herbarium handbook. 3rd ed. Richmond, Surrey, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
BRYE, K.R., E.P. MERSIOVSKY, L.A. HERNANDEZ, & L.B. WARD. 2013. Soils of Arkansas. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, U.S.A.
CARDINALE, B.J., J.E. DUFFY, & A. GONZALEZ. 2012. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486(7401):59–67.
DARU, B.H. (& 10 OTHERS). 2018. Widespread sampling biases in herbaria revealed from large-scale digitization. New Phytol. 217(2):939–55.
DAVIS, J.R. 1974. Vascular plants of Lee County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Arkansas State University, U.S.A.
DENEKE, C.F. & E.F. BROWN. 1987. The vascular flora of St. Francis County, Arkansas. Sida 2:1–13.
DUNCAN, W.H. 1953. Taxonomic collections of vascular plants in the southeastern states — their abundance and relation to production of floras. Rhodora 55(660):353–58.
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA EDITORIAL COMMITTEE, EDS. 1993. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ Vols. New York, U.S.A. and Oxford, UK.
FOGG, J.M. 1940. Suggestions for collectors. Rhodora 42(497):145–57.
GENTRY, J.L., G.P. JOHNSON, B.T. BAKER, C.T. WITSELL, & J.D. OGLE, EDS. 2013. Atlas of the vascular plants of Arkansas. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Herbarium, U.S.A.
GOOGLE EARTH V. 7.3. 2018. Arkansas and Louisiana. Available at http://www.earth.google.com. Accessed January 2018.
GROVES, C.R., M.L. KLEIN, & T.F. BREDEN. 1995. Natural Heritage Programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23(4):784–90.
HARDCASTLE, E. 1993. A natural area ecoinventory of Lonoke County and ecological survey of Indian Lake Barrens. M.S. Thesis, University of Arkansas, U.S.A.
HEBERLING, J.M. & B.L. ISAAC. 2018. iNaturalist as a tool to expand the research value of museum specimens. Appl. Pl. Sci. 6(11):1–8.
HEYWOOD, V. 2001. Floristics and monography – an uncertain future? Taxon 50:361–80.
HOLDER, T.H. 1970. Disappearing wetlands in eastern Arkansas. Arkansas Plan. Comm., U.S.A.
HOLIMON, W.C. & W.G. MONTAGUE. 2003. Reciprocal translocation reestablishes breeding status of Mississippi Alluvial Plain population of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in Arkansas. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 57:197–98.
HOOPER, D.U., E.C. ADAIR, B.J. CARDINALE, J.E.K. BYRNES, B.A. HUNGATE, K.L. MATULICH, A. GONZALEZ, J.E. DUFFY, L. GAMFELDT, & M.I. O’CONNOR. 2012. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 486(7401):105–8.
HORN, M.E., E.M. RUTLEDGE, H.C. DEAN, & M. LAWSON. 1964. Classification and genesis of some solonetz (sodic) soils in eastern Arkansas. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 28:688–92.
HYATT, P.E. 1998. Arkansas Carex (Cyperaceae): a briefly annotated list. Sida 18(2):535–54.
ISON, C.F. 1996. Vascular flora of St. Francis National Forest in Arkansas. Castanea 61:49–61.
JOHNSON, M.I. 1969. A survey of the vascular flora of Poinsett County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Memphis State University, TN, U.S.A.
LIESNER, R. 1995. Field techniques used by Missouri Botanical Garden. Available at mobot.org/MOBOT/molib/fieldtechbook/welcome.shtml. Accessed January 2022.
LUCARDI, R.D., E.S. BELLIS, C.E. CUNARD, J.K. GRAVESANDE, S.C. HUGHES, L.E. WHITEHURST, S.J. WORTHY, K.S. BURGESS, & T.D. MARSICO. 2020a. Seeds attached to refrigerated shipping containers represent a substantial risk of nonnative plant species introduction and establishment. Sci. Rep. 2020 101 10(1):1–10.
LUCARDI, R.D., C.E. CUNARD, S.C. HUGHES, K.S. BURGESS, J.N. REED, L.E. WHITEHURST, S.J. WORTHY, & T.D. MARSICO. 2020b. An initial industrial flora: a framework for botanical research in cooperation with industry for biodiversity conservation. PloS One 15(4):1–24.
MARSICO, T.D. 2005. The vascular flora of Montgomery County, Arkansas. Sida 21(4):2389–2423.
MARTÍN-BRAVO, S., P. JIMÉNEZ-MEJÍAS, T. VILLAVERDE, M. ESCUDERO, M. HAHN, D. SPALINK, E.H. ROALSON, A.L. HIPP, & THE GLOBAL CAREX GROUP. 2019. A tale of worldwide success: behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification. J. Syst. Evol. 57(6):695–718.
MCCUNE, J.L., A. VAN NATTO, & A.S. MACDOUGALL. 2017. The efficacy of protected areas and private land for plant conservation in a fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecol. 32(4):871–82.
MCNALTY, R. 1970. Vascular plants of Lawrence County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Arkansas State University, U.S.A.
MONTAGUE, W.G. 1995. Cavity protection techniques for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 49:115–20.
MONTAGUE, W.G., C.F. BAILEY, J.C. NEAL, & D.A. JAMES. 1993. Unhatched eggs in nests of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 47:77–81.
MORUETA-HOLME, N., K. ENGEMANN, P. SANDOVAL-ACUÑA, J.D. JONAS, R.M. SEGNITZ, & J.C. SVENNING. 2015. Strong upslope shifts in Chimborazo’s vegetation over two centuries since Humboldt. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112(41):12741–45.
NOAA NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION. 2021. U.S. climate normals, Stuttgart 9 ESE. Available at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-monthly&timeframe=30&location=AR&station=USC00036920. Accessed January 2022.
PAKNIA, O., H. RAJAEI SH, & A. KOCH. 2015. Lack of well-maintained natural history collections and taxonomists in megadiverse developing countries hampers global biodiversity exploration. Org. Divers. Evol. 15(3):619–29.
PALMER, M.W. 2018. Floras of North America Project. Available at http://plantbio.okstate.edu/floras/. Accessed June 26, 2018.
PALMER, M.W., P.G. EARLS, B.W. HOAGLAND, P.S. WHITE, & T. WOHLGEMUTH. 2002. Quantitative tools for perfecting species lists. Environmetrics 13(2):121–37.
PALMER, M.W. & J.C. RICHARDSON. 2012. Biodiversity data in the information age: do 21st century floras make the grade? Castanea 77(1):46–59.
PANCHEN, Z.A., J. DOUBT, H.M. KHAROUBA, & M.O. JOHNSTON. 2019. Patterns and biases in an Arctic herbarium specimen collection: implications for phenological research. Appl. Pl. Sci. 7(3):1-12.
PASCAL, V., B. JEANNE, U. STEFAN, A. BURGA CONRADIN, & W. GIAN-RETO. 2008. One century of vegetation change on Isla Persa, a Nunatak in the Bernina Massif in the Swiss Alps. J. Veg. Sci. 19(5):671–80.
PEARSON, K.D. 2018. Rapid enhancement of biodiversity occurrence records using unconventional specimen data. Biodivers. Conserv. 27(11):3007-3018.
PEET, R.K., K.A. PALMQUIST, T.R. WENTWORTH, M.P. SCHAFALE, A.S. WEAKLEY, & M.T. LEE. 2018. Carolina Vegetation Survey: an initiative to improve regional implementation of the U.S. National Vegetation Classification. Phytocoenologia 48(2):171–79.
POWELL, C., J. MOTLEY, H. QIN, & J. SHAW. 2019. A born?digital field?to?database solution for collections?based research using collNotes and collBook. Appl. Pl. Sci. 7(8):3–7.
RUDOLPH, D.C., R.N. CONNER, R.R. SCHAEFER, D. SAENZ, D.K. CARRIE, N.R. CARRIE, R.W. MAXEY, W.G. MONTAGUE, J. NEAL, K. MOORE, & J. SKEEN. 2004. Red-cockaded Woodpecker status and management: West Gulf Coastal Plain and Interior Highlands. In: Red-cockaded Woodpecker road to recovery. Costa, R. & S.J. Daniels, eds. Hancock House Publ. Blaine, WA, U.S.A. Pp: 283–291.
SAUCIER, R.T. 1994. Geomorphology and Quaternary geologic history of the Lower Mississippi Valley Volume 1. Vol. I. Vicksburg, MS, U.S.A.
SMITH, E.B. 1994. Keys to the flora of Arkansas. The University of Arkansas Press. Fayetteville, AR, U.S.A.
SUAREZ, A.V. & N.D. TSUTSUI. 2004. The value of museum collections for research and society. Bioscience 54(1):393–402.
THOMAS, J.T. In prep. Dichanthelium of Arkansas.
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA HERBARIUM. 2019. Plant specimen collecting and pressing bibliography. Available at www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herbarium/methods/hmcollectingbib.htm. Accessed January 2022.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 2022. The PLANTS Database. Available at http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed October 2020.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA). 2013. Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States. Map Scale 1:7,500,000. Corvallis, OR, U.S.A.
WATERWAY, M.J. & THE GLOBAL Carex GROUP. 2015. Making Carex Monophyletic (Cyperaceae, Tribe Cariceae): A new broader circumscription. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179(1):1–42. Doi:10.1111/boj.12298.
WEAKLEY, A.S. 2020. Flora of the southeastern United States: Arkansas. Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A. Available at https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/floras/. Accessed October 2020.
WEST, J.G. 1998. Floristics and biodiversity research in Australia: the 21st century. Aust. Syst. Bot. 11:161–74.
WILCOX, W.H. 1973. A survey of the vascular flora of Crittenden County, Arkansas. Castanea 38(3):286–97.
WITSELL, C.T. 2007. The vascular flora of Saline County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
WITSELL, C.T. In Prep. Would the real Solidago austrina please stand up? Investigations into Solidago sect. Solidago subsect. Maritimae in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain of Arkansas.
WYATT, T.W. 1972. Vascular plants of Mississippi County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Arkansas State University, U.S.A.
YATSKIEVYCH, G.A. 1999. Steyermark’s flora of Missouri. Volume 1. Rev. ed. Missouri Dept. of Conservation in assoc. with Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, U.S.A.
YATSKIEVYCH, G.A. 2006. Steyermark’s flora of Missouri. Volume 2. Rev. ed. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U.S.A.
YATSKIEVYCH, G.A. 2013. Steyermark’s flora of Missouri. Volume 3. Rev. ed. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U.S.A.
ARKANSAS NATURAL HERITAGE COMMISSION. 2022. Database of elements of special conservation concern. Little Rock, AR, U.S.A.
ARKANSAS GIS OFFICE. 2018. 3D elevation program 1-meter resolution digital elevation model. Available at https://gis.arkansas.gov/product/dem-1m-2018/. Accessed September 2018.
BAKER, B.T. 2007. The vascular flora of Scott County and Yell County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, University of Central Arkansas, U.S.A.
BECK, H.E., N.E. ZIMMERMANN, T.R. MCVICAR, N. VERGOPOLAN, A. BERG, & E.F. WOOD. 2018. Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci. Data 5(1):1–12.
BRAGG, D.C. 2005. Presettlement Pinus taeda in the Mississippi Valley Alluvial Plain of the Monroe County, Arkansas area. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 59:187–95.
BRIDSON, D. & L. FORMAN. 1998. The herbarium handbook. 3rd ed. Richmond, Surrey, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
BRYE, K.R., E.P. MERSIOVSKY, L.A. HERNANDEZ, & L.B. WARD. 2013. Soils of Arkansas. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, U.S.A.
CARDINALE, B.J., J.E. DUFFY, & A. GONZALEZ. 2012. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486(7401):59–67.
DARU, B.H. (& 10 OTHERS). 2018. Widespread sampling biases in herbaria revealed from large-scale digitization. New Phytol. 217(2):939–55.
DAVIS, J.R. 1974. Vascular plants of Lee County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Arkansas State University, U.S.A.
DENEKE, C.F. & E.F. BROWN. 1987. The vascular flora of St. Francis County, Arkansas. Sida 2:1–13.
DUNCAN, W.H. 1953. Taxonomic collections of vascular plants in the southeastern states — their abundance and relation to production of floras. Rhodora 55(660):353–58.
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA EDITORIAL COMMITTEE, EDS. 1993. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 20+ Vols. New York, U.S.A. and Oxford, UK.
FOGG, J.M. 1940. Suggestions for collectors. Rhodora 42(497):145–57.
GENTRY, J.L., G.P. JOHNSON, B.T. BAKER, C.T. WITSELL, & J.D. OGLE, EDS. 2013. Atlas of the vascular plants of Arkansas. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Herbarium, U.S.A.
GOOGLE EARTH V. 7.3. 2018. Arkansas and Louisiana. Available at http://www.earth.google.com. Accessed January 2018.
GROVES, C.R., M.L. KLEIN, & T.F. BREDEN. 1995. Natural Heritage Programs: public-private partnerships for biodiversity conservation. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23(4):784–90.
HARDCASTLE, E. 1993. A natural area ecoinventory of Lonoke County and ecological survey of Indian Lake Barrens. M.S. Thesis, University of Arkansas, U.S.A.
HEBERLING, J.M. & B.L. ISAAC. 2018. iNaturalist as a tool to expand the research value of museum specimens. Appl. Pl. Sci. 6(11):1–8.
HEYWOOD, V. 2001. Floristics and monography – an uncertain future? Taxon 50:361–80.
HOLDER, T.H. 1970. Disappearing wetlands in eastern Arkansas. Arkansas Plan. Comm., U.S.A.
HOLIMON, W.C. & W.G. MONTAGUE. 2003. Reciprocal translocation reestablishes breeding status of Mississippi Alluvial Plain population of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers in Arkansas. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 57:197–98.
HOOPER, D.U., E.C. ADAIR, B.J. CARDINALE, J.E.K. BYRNES, B.A. HUNGATE, K.L. MATULICH, A. GONZALEZ, J.E. DUFFY, L. GAMFELDT, & M.I. O’CONNOR. 2012. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 486(7401):105–8.
HORN, M.E., E.M. RUTLEDGE, H.C. DEAN, & M. LAWSON. 1964. Classification and genesis of some solonetz (sodic) soils in eastern Arkansas. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 28:688–92.
HYATT, P.E. 1998. Arkansas Carex (Cyperaceae): a briefly annotated list. Sida 18(2):535–54.
ISON, C.F. 1996. Vascular flora of St. Francis National Forest in Arkansas. Castanea 61:49–61.
JOHNSON, M.I. 1969. A survey of the vascular flora of Poinsett County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Memphis State University, TN, U.S.A.
LIESNER, R. 1995. Field techniques used by Missouri Botanical Garden. Available at mobot.org/MOBOT/molib/fieldtechbook/welcome.shtml. Accessed January 2022.
LUCARDI, R.D., E.S. BELLIS, C.E. CUNARD, J.K. GRAVESANDE, S.C. HUGHES, L.E. WHITEHURST, S.J. WORTHY, K.S. BURGESS, & T.D. MARSICO. 2020a. Seeds attached to refrigerated shipping containers represent a substantial risk of nonnative plant species introduction and establishment. Sci. Rep. 2020 101 10(1):1–10.
LUCARDI, R.D., C.E. CUNARD, S.C. HUGHES, K.S. BURGESS, J.N. REED, L.E. WHITEHURST, S.J. WORTHY, & T.D. MARSICO. 2020b. An initial industrial flora: a framework for botanical research in cooperation with industry for biodiversity conservation. PloS One 15(4):1–24.
MARSICO, T.D. 2005. The vascular flora of Montgomery County, Arkansas. Sida 21(4):2389–2423.
MARTÍN-BRAVO, S., P. JIMÉNEZ-MEJÍAS, T. VILLAVERDE, M. ESCUDERO, M. HAHN, D. SPALINK, E.H. ROALSON, A.L. HIPP, & THE GLOBAL CAREX GROUP. 2019. A tale of worldwide success: behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification. J. Syst. Evol. 57(6):695–718.
MCCUNE, J.L., A. VAN NATTO, & A.S. MACDOUGALL. 2017. The efficacy of protected areas and private land for plant conservation in a fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecol. 32(4):871–82.
MCNALTY, R. 1970. Vascular plants of Lawrence County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Arkansas State University, U.S.A.
MONTAGUE, W.G. 1995. Cavity protection techniques for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 49:115–20.
MONTAGUE, W.G., C.F. BAILEY, J.C. NEAL, & D.A. JAMES. 1993. Unhatched eggs in nests of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. J. Ark. Acad. Sci. 47:77–81.
MORUETA-HOLME, N., K. ENGEMANN, P. SANDOVAL-ACUÑA, J.D. JONAS, R.M. SEGNITZ, & J.C. SVENNING. 2015. Strong upslope shifts in Chimborazo’s vegetation over two centuries since Humboldt. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112(41):12741–45.
NOAA NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION. 2021. U.S. climate normals, Stuttgart 9 ESE. Available at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-monthly&timeframe=30&location=AR&station=USC00036920. Accessed January 2022.
PAKNIA, O., H. RAJAEI SH, & A. KOCH. 2015. Lack of well-maintained natural history collections and taxonomists in megadiverse developing countries hampers global biodiversity exploration. Org. Divers. Evol. 15(3):619–29.
PALMER, M.W. 2018. Floras of North America Project. Available at http://plantbio.okstate.edu/floras/. Accessed June 26, 2018.
PALMER, M.W., P.G. EARLS, B.W. HOAGLAND, P.S. WHITE, & T. WOHLGEMUTH. 2002. Quantitative tools for perfecting species lists. Environmetrics 13(2):121–37.
PALMER, M.W. & J.C. RICHARDSON. 2012. Biodiversity data in the information age: do 21st century floras make the grade? Castanea 77(1):46–59.
PANCHEN, Z.A., J. DOUBT, H.M. KHAROUBA, & M.O. JOHNSTON. 2019. Patterns and biases in an Arctic herbarium specimen collection: implications for phenological research. Appl. Pl. Sci. 7(3):1-12.
PASCAL, V., B. JEANNE, U. STEFAN, A. BURGA CONRADIN, & W. GIAN-RETO. 2008. One century of vegetation change on Isla Persa, a Nunatak in the Bernina Massif in the Swiss Alps. J. Veg. Sci. 19(5):671–80.
PEARSON, K.D. 2018. Rapid enhancement of biodiversity occurrence records using unconventional specimen data. Biodivers. Conserv. 27(11):3007-3018.
PEET, R.K., K.A. PALMQUIST, T.R. WENTWORTH, M.P. SCHAFALE, A.S. WEAKLEY, & M.T. LEE. 2018. Carolina Vegetation Survey: an initiative to improve regional implementation of the U.S. National Vegetation Classification. Phytocoenologia 48(2):171–79.
POWELL, C., J. MOTLEY, H. QIN, & J. SHAW. 2019. A born?digital field?to?database solution for collections?based research using collNotes and collBook. Appl. Pl. Sci. 7(8):3–7.
RUDOLPH, D.C., R.N. CONNER, R.R. SCHAEFER, D. SAENZ, D.K. CARRIE, N.R. CARRIE, R.W. MAXEY, W.G. MONTAGUE, J. NEAL, K. MOORE, & J. SKEEN. 2004. Red-cockaded Woodpecker status and management: West Gulf Coastal Plain and Interior Highlands. In: Red-cockaded Woodpecker road to recovery. Costa, R. & S.J. Daniels, eds. Hancock House Publ. Blaine, WA, U.S.A. Pp: 283–291.
SAUCIER, R.T. 1994. Geomorphology and Quaternary geologic history of the Lower Mississippi Valley Volume 1. Vol. I. Vicksburg, MS, U.S.A.
SMITH, E.B. 1994. Keys to the flora of Arkansas. The University of Arkansas Press. Fayetteville, AR, U.S.A.
SUAREZ, A.V. & N.D. TSUTSUI. 2004. The value of museum collections for research and society. Bioscience 54(1):393–402.
THOMAS, J.T. In prep. Dichanthelium of Arkansas.
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA HERBARIUM. 2019. Plant specimen collecting and pressing bibliography. Available at www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/herbarium/methods/hmcollectingbib.htm. Accessed January 2022.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE. 2022. The PLANTS Database. Available at http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed October 2020.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA). 2013. Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States. Map Scale 1:7,500,000. Corvallis, OR, U.S.A.
WATERWAY, M.J. & THE GLOBAL Carex GROUP. 2015. Making Carex Monophyletic (Cyperaceae, Tribe Cariceae): A new broader circumscription. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179(1):1–42. Doi:10.1111/boj.12298.
WEAKLEY, A.S. 2020. Flora of the southeastern United States: Arkansas. Chapel Hill, NC, U.S.A. Available at https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/floras/. Accessed October 2020.
WEST, J.G. 1998. Floristics and biodiversity research in Australia: the 21st century. Aust. Syst. Bot. 11:161–74.
WILCOX, W.H. 1973. A survey of the vascular flora of Crittenden County, Arkansas. Castanea 38(3):286–97.
WITSELL, C.T. 2007. The vascular flora of Saline County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
WITSELL, C.T. In Prep. Would the real Solidago austrina please stand up? Investigations into Solidago sect. Solidago subsect. Maritimae in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain of Arkansas.
WYATT, T.W. 1972. Vascular plants of Mississippi County, Arkansas. M.S. Thesis, Arkansas State University, U.S.A.
YATSKIEVYCH, G.A. 1999. Steyermark’s flora of Missouri. Volume 1. Rev. ed. Missouri Dept. of Conservation in assoc. with Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, U.S.A.
YATSKIEVYCH, G.A. 2006. Steyermark’s flora of Missouri. Volume 2. Rev. ed. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U.S.A.
YATSKIEVYCH, G.A. 2013. Steyermark’s flora of Missouri. Volume 3. Rev. ed. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, U.S.A.
Downloads
Published
2022-07-15
How to Cite
Soteropoulos, D. L., Ledvina, J. A., & Marsico, T. D. (2022). An exploration of the vascular flora of Pine City Natural Area, Monroe County, Arkansas, U.S.A., in comparison to the Mississippi Alluvial Plain in eastern Arkansas (U.S.A.). Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 16(1), 165–194. https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v16.i1.1226
Issue
Section
FLORISTICS, ECOLOGY, & CONSERVATION
