The vascular flora of Estill County, Kentucky, U.S.A.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v19.i3.1428Abstract
The vascular flora of Estill County, Kentucky was investigated during four growing seasons in 1987, 1988, 1989, and 2022. This study documented a total of 963 vascular plant species (773 herbaceous, 190 woody), representing 479 genera and 134 families. Numbers of taxa by major plant groups were fern and fern allies (42), gymnosperms (6), basal angiosperms (1), magnoliidae (10), monocots (244), and eudicots (660). This Estill County flora represents 33.2% of the known vascular plants of Kentucky. Families with the largest numbers of taxa were Asteraceae (126), Poaceae (109), Cyperaceae (61), Fabaceae (49), Lamiaceae (36), Rosaceae (35), and Apiaceae (20). These seven families represent 45.2% of the total flora. The largest genus was Carex (40), followed by Solidago (17), Dichanthelium (15), Quercus (14), Symphyotrichum (13), and Viola (12). Quercus (14) was the largest woody genus. Non-native species (153) comprised 15.9% of the flora. Eighty-two are listed by the Kentucky Invasive Plant Council, with 27 categorized as a “Severe Threat.” Twenty-three plants are listed as Endangered (7), Threatened (6), Special Concern (10), or Commercially Exploited (1). Two state records and a third county record were documented. Ten significant locations are described on the basis of field observations and plant sampling. Habitats included mesophytic ravines, limestone outcrops, cliffs, and ridgetops, ruderal/disturbed areas, marshy areas, swamps, oak-hickory forests, shorelines of ponds, creeks, streams and rivers, roadsides, xeric ridgetops, pine forests, railroad tracks, sandstone ridgetops and cliffs, and dry shaly areas. The species richness of Estill County averages 1.5 species per ha. It has the third highest number of documented taxa for a single Kentucky county.
References
ABBOTT, J.R., R.L. THOMPSON, & R.A. GELIS. 2001. Vascular plants new to Kentucky. Sida 19(4):1199–1202.
ABNER, J.B. 1993. The vascular flora of Jackson County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A.
ADANICK, P. & M. MEDLEY. 2020. Opuntia humifusa sensu stricto (Cactaceae): New to Kentucky (U.S.A.) and confirmed in the unglaciated Appala-chian Plateaus. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 14(1):141–146.
ANDERSON, O.K. 1959. The climate of Kentucky. Pages 123–125. In Climates of the states. Vol. I. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion. United States Department of Commerce, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.A.
ANDERSON, W.A., JR. 1924. The Graminales of Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
ANDERSON, W.A., JR. 1929. More ferns from the vicinity of Irvine, Kentucky. Amer. Fern. J. 19:58–59.
ANDERSON, W.A., JR. 1947. New distributional records in Kentucky. Castanea 12:50–56.
ANDERSON, W.A., JR. & A.R. ANDERSON. 1927. Ferns of the vicinity of Irvine, Kentucky. Amer. Fern J. 17:130–133.
ANDRIES, C. & B. RUHFEL. 2020. Vascular flora of two wetlands in the Red River Gorge Geological Area and Clifty Wilderness in Menifee and Powell counties of Kentucky. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 81(1):1–12.
APG (ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP). 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 181(1):1–20.
AUFFRET, A.G. 2021. Historical floras reflect broad shifts in flowering phenology in response to a warming climate. Ecosphere 12(7);e03683. 10.1002/ecs2.3683.
BAILEY, R.G. 1980. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Forest Service. Misc. Publ. No. 1391.
BARNES, R. 2007. History and settlement of Estill County. In McIntosh, J.D. 2007. Soil Survey of Estill and Lee Counties, Kentucky, U.S.A.
BARNES, T.G. & S.W. FRANCIS. 2004. Wildflowers and ferns of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
BARNES, T.G., D. WHITE, & M. EVANS. 2008. Rare wildflowers of Kentucky. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
BASKIN, J.M., C.C. BASKIN, & E.W. CHESTER. 1994. The Big Barrens Region of Kentucky and Tennessee: Further observations and considerations. Castanea 59:226–254.
BASKIN, J.M. & C.C. BASKIN. 2000. Vegetation of limestone and dolomite glades in the Ozarks and Midwest regions of the United States. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87:286–294.
BEAL, E.O. & J.W. THIERET. 1986. Aquatic and wetland plants of Kentucky. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission Scientific and Technical Series Number 5. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
BECKETT, M.R. 1956. The flora of Clark County, Kentucky in relation to geologic regions. M.S. Thesis. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
BONAP (BIOTA OF NORTH AMERICA PROGRAM). 2022. Elymus svensonii: County-level distribution from North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). http://bonap.org. Accessed May 2022.
BLACK, D.F.B. 1977. Geologic map of the Heidelberg Quadrangle, East-Central Kentucky. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Map GQ-1340. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
BLACK, D.F.B. 1978. Geologic map of the Zachariah Quadrangle, East-Central Kentucky. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Map GQ-1452. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
BLADEN, W.A. 1984. Geography of Kentucky: A topical-regional Overview. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Dubuque, Iowa, U.S.A.
BRAUN, E.L. 1943. An annotated catalog of spermatophytes of Kentucky. John S. Swift Co. Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
BRAUN, E.L. 1950. Deciduous forest of eastern North America. Hafner Press, New York, New York, U.S.A.
BRAUNREITER, H.M. 2015. The vascular flora of Boyle County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A.
BROWNE, E.M. 1965. Botany in Kentucky since 1914. Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 25(3–4):77–82.
BROWNE, E.T. & R. ATHEY. 1992. Vascular plants of Kentucky: An Annotated Checklist. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
BRYANT, W.S. 1987. Actual and potential vegetation of the Bluegrass Region. In Baskin, J.M., C.C. Baskin, & R.L. Jones (eds). Papers presented at a symposium held on 22 November 1986, in Lexington, Kentucky at the Academy of Science Annual Meeting. Kentucky Native Plant Society. Richmond, Kentucky., U.S.A.
BRYANT, W.S., W. MCCOMB, & J. FRALISH. 1993. Oak-Hickory forests (western mesophytic/oak-hickory forests). In W.H. Martin, S.G. Bayer, & A.C. Echternacht, eds. Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Upland terrestrial communities, 143–202. John Wiley and Sons, New York, U.S.A.
BULAND, M., E. CROCKER, & R. BENNETT. 2020. American Chestnut, Castanea dentata. University of Kentucky. College of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Cooperative Extension Service. FORFS. 20–03
BURROUGHS, W.G. 1926. The geography of the Kentucky Knobs. Bull. Kentucky Geol. Surv. Ser. 6. 19:1–284.
CAMPBELL, J.J.N., D.T. KNOWLES, J.R. MCGREGOR, R.R. CICERELLO, B. PALMER-BALL, M.E. MEDLEY, & S. OLSEN. 1989. Cooperative Inventory of Endangered, Threatened, Sensitive, and Rare Species: Daniel Boone National Forest, Stanton Ranger District. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
CAMPBELL, J.J.N., J.E. FLOTEMERSCH, J.R. MCGREGOR, D. NOE, A.C. RISK, M.D. STUDER, & D.T. TOWLES. 1991. Cooperative Inventory of Endangered, Threatened, Sensitive, and Rare Species: Daniel Boone National Forest, Berea Ranger District. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
CAMPBELL, J.J.N. & M.E. MEDLEY. 2018. Atlas of vascular plants in Kentucky. Available at http://bluegrasswoodland.com. Accessed January 2021.
CASE, M.A., K.M. FLINN, J. JANCAITIS, A. ALLEY, & A. PAXTON. 2007. Declining abundance of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) documented by herbarium specimens. Biological Conservation 134:22–30.
CHAFIN, L.G. 2007. Field guide to the rare plants of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
CLARK, R.C. & T.J. WECKMAN. 2008. Annotated catalog and atlas of Kentucky woody plants. Castanea Vol. 73 Occasional Papers in Eastern Botany No. 3. 3–114.
COCHRAN, M.F. 1990. Chestnuts: Making a comeback. National Geographic 177:128–140.
COLLINS, R.F. 1975. A history of the Daniel Boone National Forest 1770–1970. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Forest Service, U.S.A.
CRANFILL, R. 1980. Ferns and fern allies of Kentucky. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission Scientific and Technical Series Number 1.
CRANFILL, R. 1991. Flora of Hardin County, Kentucky. Castanea 56:228–267.
CRONON, W. 1983. Changes in the land. Hill and Wang Press, New York, U.S.A.
DAHL, K., E. SPANGER-SIEGFRIED, R. LICKER, A. CALDAS, J. ABATZOGLOU, N. MAILLOUX, R. CLEETUS, S. UDVARDY, J. DECLET-BARRETO, & P. WORTH. 2019. Killer heat in the United States: Climate choices and the future of dangeriously hot days. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/killer-heat-united-states-0.
DAVIES, P.A. 1953. The status of floristic studies in Kentucky. Trans. Ky Acad. Sci. 14(2):49–58.
DOURSON, D. & J. DOURSON. 2019. Wildflowers and ferns of Red River Gorge and the Greater Red River Basin. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
DYER, J.M. 2006. Revisiting the deciduous forest of eastern North America. BioScience 56:341–352.
ELBON, D.C. 2022. Estill County, Kentucky. Kentucky Atlas and Gazetteer. Available at http://kyatlas.com. Accessed May 2021.
ESSIG, F.B. 1990. The Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) complex in the southeastern United States. Sida 14(1):49–68.
ESTILL DEVELOPMENT ALLIANCE. 2022. A look back in time: History. Available at https://estill.org. Accessed May 2021.
ETTMAN, J.K. & D.R. MCADOO. 1979. An annotated catalog and distribution account of the Kentucky Orchidaceae. The Kentucky Society of Natural History Charitable Trust. Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
FENNEMAN, N.M. 1938. Physiography of eastern United States. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York, New York, U.S.A.
FITCHBURG FURNACE INTERPRETIVE SITE. 2022. Daniel Boone National Forest. Available at https://fs.usda.gov. Accessed April 2022.
FRYER, J.L. 2009. Muhlenbergia cuspidata. Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, U.S.A.
FULLER, M.J. 1979. Field botany in Kentucky: a reference list. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 40:43–51.
Fuller, M.J., M. Woods, & J.T. Grubbs. 1989. Field botany in Kentucky: a reference list II. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 50:161–173.
GARMAN, H. 1913. The woody plants of Kentucky. Bull. Kentucky Agric. Exp. Sta. 169:362.
GENTRY, J.L. JR., 1963. The vascular plants of Henry County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
GLEASON, H.A. & A. CRONQUIST. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx, New York, U.S.A.
GODFREY, R.K. & J.W. WOOTEN. 1979. Aquatic and wetland plants of the southeastern United States. Monocotyledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
GODFREY, R.K. & J.W. WOOTEN. 1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of the southeastern United States. Dicotyledons. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
GORTON, M.A. 2000. The vascular flora of Clinton County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A.
GRAHAM, S.A. 2021f. Lagerstroemia. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2021. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Volume 10, Magnoliophyta: Proteaceae to Elaeagnaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, NY. U.S.A.
GREENE, R.C. 1968. Geologic map of the Panola Quandrangle, Estill and Madison counties, Kentucky. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geologic Survey Geologic Map GQ-686. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
GUETIG, R.G. 1993. The vascular flora of Estill County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A.
GUETIG, R.G. 1994. Noteworthy grasses of Estill County, Kentucky. Kentucky Native Plant Society Newsletter 9(1):2–4.
GUNN, C.R. 1968. A checklist of vascular plants of Bullitt County, Kentucky. Castanea 33(2):89–106.
HAINES, A. 2020. Elymus macgregorii var. hirsutispiculus, a new variety of early wild-rye. Botanical Notes 15:7–8.
HANEY, D.C. & C.L. RICE. 1978. Geologic map of the Leighton Quadrangle, East-Central Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Map GQ-1495, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
HARAGAN, P.D. 1991. Weeds of Kentucky and adjacent states: A field guide. The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Harker, D.F. Jr., R.R. HANNAN, R.R. CICERELLO, W.C. HOUTCOOPER, L.R. PHILLIPPE, & D. VAN NORMAN. 1981. Preliminary assessment of the ecology of the “Knobs” Oil Shale Region. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
HARKER, D.F. JR., L.R. PHILLIPPE, R.R. HANNAN, & R.S. CALDWELL. 1979. Eastern Kentucky Coalfield: Preliminary investigation of natural features and cultural resources. Vol. II. Ecology and ecological features of Eastern Kentucky. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
HARVILL, A.M. JR. 1941. A contribution to the Compositae of Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. University of Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
HILTY, J. 2019. Side Oats Grama (Bouteloua curtipendula). Illinois Wildflowers. Available at http://illinoiswildflowers.info. Accessed January 2022.
HINKLE, C.R., W.C. MCCOMBS, J.M. SAFELY, JR., & P.A. SCHMALZER. 1993. Mixed Mesophytic Forests. In W.H. Martin, S.G. Boyce, and A.C. Echternacht (eds). Biodiversity of the southeastern United States: Upland terrestrial communities, 203–253. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, New York, U.S.A.
INATURALIST COMMUNITY. 2023. Observations of vascular plants from Estill County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Observed between November–December 2023. Exported from https://inaturalist.org/places/estillcounty on January 2024.
JILLSON, W.R. 1919. Photograph: Ross Creek, Estill County, Eastern Kentucky. Available at http://uky.edu/KGS/petro/ROSSCKPHHTM. Accessed May 2023.
JILLSON, W.R. 1927. The topography of Kentucky. The Kentucky Geological Survey. Ser. VI, Vol. 300. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
JILLSON, W.R. 1928. The geology and mineral resources of Kentucky. The Kentucky Geological Survey, Ser. VI, Vol. 17. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
JOHNSTONE, H.T. 1974. History of Estill County, Kentucky. The Citizen Voice. Ravenna, Kentucky.
JONES, R.L. 1986. The need for county floras. The Kentucky Native Plant Society Newsletter 1(3):1.
JONES, R.L. 2005. Plant life of Kentucky: An illustrated guide to the vascular flora. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
JONES, R.L., R.L. THOMPSON, & R.C. CLARK. 2007. A reference list of field botany in Kentucky (1985-2006). J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 68(2):145–180.
JONES, R.L. & B.E. WOFFORD. 2013. Woody plants of Kentucky and Tennessee: The complete winter guide to their identification and use. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
KARAN, P.P & C. MATHER (EDS). 1977. Atlas of Kentucky. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
KENTUCKY DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 1985. Kentucky’s big trees. Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet. Frankfort, Kentucky, U.S.A.
KEEC (KENTUCKY ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT CABINET. 2024. Rare plant conservation and recovery: Conserving Kentucky’s rare species. Available at http://eppcapp.ky.gov/nprareplants/ Accessed January 2024.
KY-IPC (KENTUCKY INVASIVE PLANT COUNCIL). 2013. Invasive plants of Kentucky, 3rd ed. Available at http://se-eppc.org/ky/list.htm. Accessed August 2021.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 1996. Rare and extirpated plants and animals of Kentucky. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 57(2):69–91.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 1997. Rare and extirpated plants and animals of Kentucky: 1997 update. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 58:96–99.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 1999. Rare and extirpated plants and animals of Kentucky: 1999 update. J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 60:124–126.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 2000. Rare and extirpated biota of Kentucky. J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 61:115–132.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 2001. Rare and extirpated biota of Kentucky: 2001 update. J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 62:145–146.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 2010. Rare and extirpated biota and natural communities of Kentucky. J. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 71:67–81.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 2012. Rare and extirpated biota and natural communities of Kentucky. Available at http://naturepreserves.ky.gov. Accessed February 2022.
KSNPC (KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION). 2015. Endangered, threatened, and special concern plants, animals, and natural com-munities of Kentucky with habitat descriptions. Available at http://eec.ky.gov/Nature-Preserves/biodiversity/documents/specieshabitat2015pdf. Accessed February 2022.
KLEBER, J.E. 1992. The Kentucky encyclopedia. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
KÜCHLER, A.W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States (map scale: 1:3,168,000). Amer. Geogr. Soc. Spec. Bull. 36. New York, New York, U.S.A.
LAWLESS, P.J. 2005. Xeric limestone prairies of eastern United States. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
LAWLESS, P.J, J.M. BASKIN, & C.C. BASKIN. 2006. Xeric limestone prairies of Eastern United States. Bot. Review 72(3):235–272.
LEE, L.A. 1981. A brief history of Kentucky. Kentucky Imprints. Berea, Kentucky, U.S.A.
LINNEY, W.M. 1882. Report on the botany of Madison, Lincoln, Garrard, Washington, and Marion counties, Kentucky. Bull. Kentucky Geol. Surv. Ser. II. 7:3–57.
LJAC DIGITAL ACCESS. 2024. Estill County, Kentucky. Available at https://ljacatc.berea.edu/pawtucket/index.php/Detail/places/70. Accessed November 2024.
MARTIN, W.H. 1987. The mixed mesophytic forest region: diversity and change after chestnut and E. Lucy Braun. In Baskin, J.M., C.C. Baskin, & R.L. Jones, eds. The vegetation and flora of Kentucky: Summaries of the papers presented at a symposium held on 22 November 1986, in Lexington, Kentucky at the Kentucky Academy of Science Annual Meeting. Kentucky Native Plant Society. Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A.
MARTIN, W.H. 1989. The role and history of fire in the Daniel Boone National Forest. U.S. Forest Service, Daniel Boone National Forest, Winchester, Kentucky, U.S.A.
MASKELL, L.C., L.G. FIRBANK, K. THOMPSON, J.M. BULLOCK, & S.M. SMART. 2006. Interactions between non-native plant species and the floristic com-position of common habitats. Journal of Ecology 94:1052–1060.
MATTHEWS, J.J. 1962. The flora of Oldham County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
MCCOY, T.N. 1938. The fern and fern allies of Kentucky. Amer. Fern J. 28:41–46, 101–110.
MCDOWELL, R.C. 1986. The geology of Kentucky – A text to accompany the geologic map of Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1151–H. United States Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
MCFARLAND, F.T. 1942. A catalogue of the vascular plants of Kentucky. Castanea 7:77–108.
MCGRAIN, P. & J.C. CURRENS. 1978. Topography of Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey. Ser. X, Special Pub. 25.
MCGRAIN, P. 1983. The geologic survey of Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey. Ser. XI, Special Pub. 8.
MCGRAW, J.B., S.M. SANDERS, & M. VAN DER VOORT. 2003. Distribution and abundance of Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae) and Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae) in the Central Appalachian Region. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 130:62–69.
MCINTOSH, J.D. 2007. Soil survey of Estill and Lee counties, Kentucky. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Soil Conservation Service, U.S.A.
MCWILLIAMS, J. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In Fire Effects Information System (FEIS) [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available at http://fs.usda. Accessed February 2022.
MEDLEY, M.E. 1993. An annotated catalog of the known or reported vascular flora of Kentucky. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
MILLER, A.M. 1919. The geology of Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey. Ser. V Bull. No. 2.
MDNR (MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES). 2022. Panax quinquefolium. Rare Species Guide. Available at http://dnr.state.mn.us. Accessed May 2022.
MOBOT (MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN). 2022. Phlox subulata. Plant. Available at http://missouribotanicalgardens.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c268. Accessed May 2022.
MOBOT (MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN). 2024a. Lagerstroemia indica. Available at http://missouribotanicalgardens.org/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282496. Accessed August 2024.
MOBOT (MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN). 2024b. Leucothoe frontanesiana. Available at http://missouribotanicalgardens.org/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280049. Accessed August 2024.
MULLER, R.N. & W.C. MCCOMB. 1986. Upland forests of the Knobs Region of Kentucky. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 113:268–270.
MULLER, R.N. 1987. The forest vegetation of the Knobs Region of Kentucky. In Baskin, J.M., C.C. Baskin, & R.L. Jones (eds). The vegetation of flora of Kentucky: Summaries of the papers presented at a symposium held on 22 November 1986, in Lexington, Kentucky, at Kentucky Academy of Science annual meeting. Kentucky Native Plant Society. Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A.
MURPHY, G.W. 1970. A preliminary survey of the flora of Casey County, Kentucky. Castanea 35:118–131.
NACZI, R.F.C. 1992. Systematics of Carex section Griseae (Cyperaceae). Ph.D. dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. U.S.A.
NACZI, R.F.C., C.T. BRYSON, & T.S. COCHRANE. 2002. Seven new species and one new combination in Carex (Cyperaceae) from North America. Novon 12:508–532.
NATURE CONSERVANCY, U.S. 2024. Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus: a tough perennial with a delicate bloom. Available at http://nature.org. Accessed February 2023.
NATURESERVE. 2022. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 4.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://natureserve.org/explorer. Accessed August 2022.
NEWTON, J.H., C.W. HAIL, T.R. LEATHERS, P.M. LOVE, J.G. STAPP, & V. VAUGHT. 1974. Soil Survey of Estill and Lee counties, Kentucky. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Soil Conservation Service, U.S.A.
NUTTALL, B.C. 1998. Oil and gas in Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey. Available at http://uky.edu/KGS/petro/ROSSCKDH.HTM. Accessed December 2023.
OAK, S.W. 2002. From the Bronx to Birmingham: Impact of Chestnut Blight and management practices on forest health risks in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Journal of the A. Chestnut Foundation 14(1):32–41.
OKNP (OFFICE OF KENTUCKY NATURE PRESERVES). 2018. OKNP rare plants database: Estill County. Available at http://eppcapp.ky.gov/nprareplants. Accessed March 2022.
OKNP (OFFICE OF KENTUCKY NATURE PRESERVES). 2019a. Endangered, threatened, and special concern plants, animals, and natural communities of Kentucky. Available at http://eec.ky.gov/Nature-Preserve/biodiversity/documents/rare_species_of_ky.pdf. Accessed March 2020.
OKNP (OFFICE OF KENTUCKY NATURE PRESERVES). 2019b. Extirpated plants, animals, and natural communities of Kentucky. Available at http://eec.ky.gov/Nature-Preserve/biodiversity/documents/extirpated_species_of_ky.pdf. Accessed March 2020.
OVERBECK, W. 2014. The vascular flora of Garrard County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A.
PARMESAN, C. & M.E. HANLEY. 2015. Plants and climate change: complexities and surprises. Annals of Botany:849–864.
PEATTIE, D.C. 1946. The use-and uselessness of local floras. Castanea 11:63–65.
PIMM, S.L., G.J. RUSSELL, J.L. GITTELMAN, & T.M. BROOKS. 1995. The future of biodiversity. Science 269:347–350.
POWO (PLANTS OF THE WORLD ONLINE). 2022. Clematis glaucophylla Small. Royal Botanical Gardens. Kew. Available at http://powo.science.kew.org. Accessed August 2022.
PYSEK, P. 1998. Is there a taxonomic pattern to plant invasions? Oikos 82:282–294
QUARTERMAN, E. & R.L. POWELL. 1978. Potential ecological/geological natural landmarks on the Interior Low Plateaus. U.S. National Park Service, U.S.A.
QUARTERMAN, E.M., M.P. BURBANK, & D.J. SHURE. 1993. Rock outcrop communities – limestone, sandstone, and granite. In W.H. Martin, S.G. Boyce, & A.C. Echternacht (eds). Biodiversity of the southeastern U.S: Upland terrestrial communities, 35-86. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, U.S.A.
RADFORD, A.E., H.E. AHLES, & C.R. BELL. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.
RAFINESQUE, C.S. 1819. Description of two new shrubs from Kentucky, etc. West. Rev. Misc. Mag. 1:228–229.
RAFINESQUE, C.S. 1820. Annals of nature or annual synopsis of new genera and species of animals and plants discovered in North America by C.S. Rafinesque. Printed for the author by Thomas Smith. Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
RAFINESQUE, C.S. 1836. A life of travels. Published by the author. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Reprinted in 1944. Chron. Bot. 8(2):292–360.
REED, C.F. 1958. Contributions to the flora of Kentucky, I. County distributions of ferns and fern-allies in Kentucky. Castanea 23:1–13.
REED, C.F. 1962. Additional county records for the ferns and fern-allies of Kentucky. II. Castanea 27:83–87.
REED, C.F. 1981. Cypripedium kentuckiense, Reed, a new species of orchid in Kentucky. Phytologia 48:426–428.
RENNICK, R.M. 1987. Kentucky place names. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
RHODES, C.E. & C. PARK. 2001. Pre-blight abundance of American chestnut in Kentucky. J. Amer. Chestnut Found. 15:36–44.
RICE, C.L. 1972. Geologic map of the Alcorn Quadrangle, East-Central Kentucky. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Map GQ-963, Washington, D.C, U.S.A.
RICE, C.L. 1984. Sandstone units of the Lee Formation and related strata in eastern Kentucky. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1151-G. United States Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
RISK, A. 2025. Pers. comm. Expertise in bryophyte and plant taxonomy, biodiversity, ecology, and floristics, and author of papers on bryophtyes in Kentucky. Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky, U.S.A.
RODGERS, D., T. LITTLEFIELD, & K. MCDONALD. 2022. Kentucky rare plant list, 2022 edition. Energy and Environmental Cabinet, Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort, Kentucky.
ROGERS, H.J. 1941. The flora of McCreary County, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
ROSENBERG, M. 2014. Köppen Climate Classification System. Geography and Climate. Available at http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/Koppen.htm. Accessed September 2022.
RUSSELL, E.W.B. 1983. Indian-set fires in the forests of the northern United States. Ecology 64:78-88.
SCHULTZ, J. 2003. Conservation assessment of butternut or white walnut (Juglans cinerea L.). USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region. Hiawatha National Forest.
SERNEC DATA PORTAL. 2022. Southeast Regional Network of Expertise & Collections. Available at http://sernecportal.org/portal/index.php. Accessed March 2022.
SHAW, J., D. ESTES, B. RUHFEL, A.B. MORRIS, & T.R. LITTLEFIELD. 2022. Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas. [S.M. Landry and K.N. Campbell (original application development), USF Water Institute. University of Florida]. University of Michigan, Furman University, and Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission. Available at http://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu. Accessed February 2022.
SIMMONS, G.C. 1967. Geologic map of the Clay City Quandrangle, Powell and Estill counties, Kentucky. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geologic Survey. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
SMALLEY, G.W. 1979. Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the southern Cumberland Plateau. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-23. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. U.S.A.
SMALLEY, G.W. 1982. Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the Mid-Cumberland Plateau. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-38. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. U.S.A.
STEYERMARK, J.A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
STRAUSBAUGH, P.D. & E.L. CORE. 1978. Flora of West Virginia. Seneca Books, Inc. Grantsville, West Virginia, U.S.A.
TAYLOR, D.J. (ED.). 1995. Kentucky alive! Report of the Kentucky Biodiversity Task Force. Volume I. Commonwealth of Kentucky, Frankfort, Ken-tucky, U.S.A.
TENNESSEE FLORA COMMITTEE. 2014. Guide to the vascular plants (editors: E.W. Chester, B.E. Wofford, J. Shaw, D. Estes, and D.H. Webb), The Uni-versity of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
THIERS, B.M. 2024 [continuously updated]. Index herbarium: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff, New York Botanical Garden’s virtual herbarium. Aavailable at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/in/. Accessed July 2024
THOMPSON, R.L. & C.A. FLEMING. 2004. Vascular flora and plant communities of the John B. Stephenson Memorial Forest State Nature Preserve (Anglin Falls Ravine), Rockcastle County, Kentucky. Castanea 69:125–138.
THOMPSON, R.L. & K.R. THOMPSON. 2016. Vascular plants and plant communities of Wickliffe Mounds State Historic Site, Ballard County, Kentucky, U.S.A. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 10(1):245–266.
THORNTHWAITE, C.W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev. 38:55–94.
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU. 2022. American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from Census Reporter Profile page for Estill County, Ken-tucky. Available at http://censusreporter.org/profiles/05000 us21065-estill-county-ky/. Accessed December 2022.
USDA, NRCS (UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, NATIONAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE). The Plants Database. 2022. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A. Available at http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed February 2022.
UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE. n.d. Sensitive plants of the Daniel Boone National Forest. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
WADE, G. L. & R. L. THOMPSON. 1991. The species-area curve and regional floras. Trans. Kentucky Acad. of Sci. 52: 21–26
WANG, G., B.O. KNAPP, S.L. CLARK, & B.T. MUDDER. 2013. The silvics of Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., American Chestnut, Fagaceae (Beech Family). United States Forest Service, General Technical Report SRS–173.
WARREN, M.L. JR., W.H. DAVIS, R.R. HANNAN, M. EVANS, D.L. BATCH, B.D. ANDERSON, B. PALMER-BALL, JR., J.R. MCGREGOR, R.R. CICERELLO, R. ATHEY, B.A. BRANSON, G.J. FALLO, B.M. BURR, M.E. MEDLEY, & J.M. BASKIN. 1986. Endangered, threatened, and rare plants and animals of Kentucky. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 47:83–98.
WEAKLEY, A.S., & SOUTHEASTERN FLORA COMMITTEE. 2024. Flora of the southeastern United States web app. University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Gardens. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Available at http://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu. Accessed July 2024.
WHARTON, M.E. 1945. Floristics and vegetation of the Devonian-Mississippian Black Shale Region of Kentucky. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
WHARTON, M.E. & R.W. BARBOUR. 1971. Wildflowers and ferns of Kentucky. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
WHARTON, M.E. & R.W. BARBOUR. 1973. Trees and shrubs of Kentucky. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
WHARTON, M.E. & R.W. BARBOUR. 1991. Bluegrass land and life. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.
WHITNEY, G.G. 1990. The history and status of the hemlock-hardwood forests of the Allegheny Plateau. J. Ecol. 78:443–458.
WILLIS, C.G., E.R. ELLWOOD, R.B. PRIMACK, C.C. DAVIS, K.D. PEARSON, A.S. GALLINAT, J.M. YOST, G. NELSON, S.J. MAZER, N.L. ROSSINGTON, T.H. SPARKS, & P.S. SOLTIS. 2017. Old plants, new tricks: phenological research using herbarium specimens. Trends Ecol. Evol. 32(7):531–546.
WOOD, J.R.I., P. MUNOZ-RODRIGUEZ, B.R.M. WILLIAMS, & R.W. SCOTLAND. 2020. A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World. PhytoKeys 143:1–823. Available at https://doi.org/10,3897/phytokeys.143.32821.
WOODS, M. & M.J. FULLER. 1988. The vascular flora of Calloway County, Kentucky. Castanea 53:89–109.
WOODS, A.J., J.M. OMERNIK, W.H. MARTIN, G.J. POND, W.M. ANDREWS, S.M. CALL, J.A. COMSTOCK, & D.D. TAYLOR. 2002. Ecoregions of Kentucky (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs). U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
YAHN, B. 2023. In the spotlight: Limestone/dolomite prairie. Available at http://www.eec.ky.gov/Nature-Preserves. Accessed April 2023.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Botanical Research Institute of Texas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
