Arceuthobium tsugense (Viscaceae): four subspecies with contrasting morphologies and host distributions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v11.i2.1076Palabras clave:
hemlock dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium, mountain hemlock, noble fir, pacific silver fir, western hemlockResumen
Ha habido cuatro subespecies de muérdago enano (Arceuthobium tsugense: Viscaceae) descritos por varios investigadores en este grupo complejo de angiospermas parásitas: subsp. tsugense, subsp. amabilae, subsp. contortae, and subsp. mertensianae. Como se sugiere por sus epítetos subespecíficos, estos taxa difieren en sus afinidades por los huéspedes; parasitando diferentes y el mismo huésped en varios grados. Aunque estos taxa también tienen diferencias morfológicas, su clasificación ha estado en debate durante muchos años. Sin embargo, hemos comparado las características morfológicas de cada subespecie usando análisis estadísticos tanto univariantes como multivariantes para evaluar mejor sus diferencias. Como algunos investigadores han agrupado este muérdago enano con otro muérdago enano del oeste (A. campylopodum), nosotros también comparamos las subespecies de ambos muérdagos. Nuestro análisis morfométrico demostró que todas las subespecies son distintas morfológicamente del muérdago enano del oeste y que la subsp. contortae es la más diferenciada morfológicamente de las subespecies. El solapamiento en los caracteres morfológicos entre dos de las otras tres subespecies fue evidente; aunque, subsp. amabilae y subsp. mertensianae fueron también delimitadas consistentemente usando morfologías de plantas masculinas y femeninas. Las comparaciones estadísticas de plantas masculinas o femeninas mediante análisis de función discriminante standard y aumentada demostró que sin consideración de la planta huésped, los ejemplares masculinos y femeninos de A. tsugense subsp. tsugense son similares morfológicamente a las plantas correspondientes a las subsp. amabilae y mertensianae pero no a la subsp. contortae o A. campylopodum.
Citas
Baldwin, B.G. 2000. Roles of modern plant systematics in discovery and conservation of fine-scale biodiversity. Madroño 47:219?229.
Etheridge, D.E. 1973. Wound parasites causing tree decay in British Columbia. Forest Pest Leaflet 62, Canad. Forest. Serv., Dept. of Environ., Pacific Forestry Res. Centre, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Filip, G.M., J.S. Hadfield, & C. Schmitt. 1979. Branch mortality of true firs in west-central Oregon associated with dwarf mistletoe and canker fungi. Pl. Dis. Rep. 63:189?193.
Frankis, M. 2009. The high elevation white pines of Mexico and the adjacent SW USA. Pinus L. subgenus Strobus Lemmon, Pinaceae. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearb. 2008:64–72.
Gill, L.S. 1935. Arceuthobium in the United States. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 32:111–245.
Hawksworth, F.G. 1977. The 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-48, USDA Forest Serv., Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Ft. Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Hawksworth, F.G. 1987. Taxonomy of hemlock dwarf mistletoe. In: S. J. Cooley, ed. Proceedings of the 34th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Health Management, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. Pp. 45–46.
Hawksworth, F.G. & D. Wiens. 1972. Biology and classification of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium). Agric. Handb. 401, USDA Forest Serv., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Hawksworth, F.G. & D. Wiens. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology, and systematics. Agric. Handb. 709, USDA Forest Serv., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Hawksworth, F.G., D. Wiens, & D.L. Nickrent.1992. New western North American taxa of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae). Novon 2:204–211. doi:10.2307/3391549
Hennon, P.E., J.S. Beatty, & D. Hildebrand. 2001. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe. Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 135, USDA Forest Serv., Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Hildebrand, D.M. 1995. Arceuthobium tsugense hemlock dwarf mistletoe. A species of special concern? USDA Forest Serv., Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Hunt, R.S. & R.B. Smith. 1978. Natural infection of two new hosts by hemlock dwarf mistletoe in British Columbia. Canad. Pl. Dis. Surv. 58:31–32.
Kenaley, S.C., R.L. Mathiasen, & C.M. Daugherty. 2016. Morphological evidence for continued species recognition among white pine dwarf mistletoes (Viscaceae): Arceuthobium apachecum, A. blumeri, A. californicum, A. cyanocarpum, and A. monticola. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 10:361?383.
Kuijt, J. 1956. A new record of dwarf mistletoe on lodgepole and western white pine. Madroño 13:170?172.
Kuijt, J. 1969. A systematic study of branching patterns in dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22:1–38.
Kuijt, J. 2012. Viscaceae. In: Baldwin, B.G., D. Goldman, D.J. Keil, R. Patterson, T.J. Rosatii, & D.H. Wilken, eds. The Jepson manual: Vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Pp. 600–603.
Mathiasen, R. 1982. Taxonomic studies of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp.) parasitizing Pinus strobiformis. Great Basin Nat. 42:120–127.
Mathiasen, R.L. 1994. Natural infection of new hosts by hemlock dwarf mistletoe. USDA Forest Serv., Res. Note RM-RN-530, Rocky Mtn. Res. Sta., Ft. Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Mathiasen, R.L. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes in forest canopies. N. W. Sci. 70 (Special Issue):61–71.
Mathiasen, R.L. 1998. Comparative susceptibility of conifers to larch dwarf mistletoe in the Pacific Northwest. Forest. Sci. 44:559–568.
Mathiasen, R.L. 2007. A new combination for Hawksworth’s dwarf mistletoe. Novon 17:217–221.
Mathiasen, R.L. 2008. New combinations for Arceuthobium aureum (Viscaceae) in Mexico and Central America. Novon 18:501–507.
Mathiasen, R.L. 2011. Susceptibility of conifers to three dwarf mistletoes in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains. W. J. Appl. Forest. 26:13?18.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2005. Comparative susceptibility of conifers to western hemlock dwarf mistletoe in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. W. J. Appl. Forest. 20:94?100.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2007. Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. amabilae, a new subspecies of hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Viscaceae) from Oregon. Novon 17:222–227. doi:10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[222:ATSAAN]2.0.CO;2
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2008. Distribution of red fir and noble fir in Oregon based on dwarf mistletoe host specificity. N. W. Sci. 82:108–119.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2009. Arceuthobium abietinum subspecies wiensii, a new subspecies of fir dwarf mistletoe (Viscaceae) from northern California and southern Oregon. Madroño 56:118?126.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2010. Susceptibility of Brewer spruce (Picea breweriana) to dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae). N. W. Sci. 84:295?301.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2013. Additional morphological measurements of Arceuthobium littorum and A. occidentale (Viscaceae). Phytologia 95:70–78.
Mathiasen, R.L. & F.G. Hawksworth. 1988. Dwarf mistletoes on western white pine and whitebark pine in northern California and southern Oregon. Forest. Sci. 34:429–440.
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2015a. A morphometric analysis of the dwarf mistletoes in the Arceuthobium campylopodum-occidentale complex (Viscaceae). Madroño 62:1–20.
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2015b. A morphometric analysis of Arceuthobium campylopodum, A. laricis, and A. tsugense (Viscaceae). Phytologia 97:200–218.
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2016. The classification of California Viscaceae: An alternative perspective. Madroño 63:8–33. doi: 10.3120/0024-9637-62.1.1
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2017. Contrasting perspectives on the measurements and taxonomy of Arceuthobium: A long standing controversy. Phytologia 99:95–110.
Mathiasen, R.L., S.C. Kenaley, & C.M. Daugherty. 2016. A morphometric analysis of Arceuthobium campylopodum and Arceuthobium divaricatum (Viscaceae). Aliso 34:9–23.
Moreno-Letelier, A. & D. Piñero. 2009. Phylogeographic structure of Pinus strobiformis Engelm. across the Chihuahuan Desert filter-barrier. J. Biogeogr. 36:121–131.
Muir, J.A. & B.W. Geils. 2002. Management strategies for dwarf mistletoes: Silviculture. In B.W. Geils, J. Cibrián Tovar, & B. Moody (tech. coords.). Mistletoes of North American conifers. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-98, USDA Forest Serv., Rocky Mtn. Res. Sta., Ogden, Utah, U.S.A. Pp. 83–94.
Muir, J.A. & P.E. Hennon. 2007. A synthesis of the literature on the biology, ecology, and management of western hemlock dwarf mistletoe. USDA Forest Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-718, Pacific N. W. Res. Sta., Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Nickrent, D.L. 2012. Justification for subspecies in Arceuthobium campylopodum (Viscaceae). Phytoneuron 51:1–11.
Nickrent, D.L. 2016. Viscaceae Batch—Christmas Mistletoe Family. In: Flora of North America. Volume 12. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, U.S.A. Pp. 422?440.
Nickrent, D.L., M.A. García, M.P. Martín, & R.L. Mathiasen. 2004. A phylogeny of all species of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 91:125–138. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.1.125
Nickrent, D.L. & A.L. Stell. 1990. Electrophoretic evidence for genetic differentiation in two host races of hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense). Biochem. Sys. Ecol. 18:267–280.
Norton, D.A. & M.A. Carpenter. 1998. Mistletoes as parasites: Host specificity and speciation. Tree 13:101–105.
Quinn, G.P. & M.J. Keough. 2002. Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511806384
Rancher, A.C. 2002. Methods of multivariate analysis. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY. doi:10.1002/0471271357
Reif, B.P., R.L. Mathiasen, S.C. Kenaley, & G.J. Allan. 2015. Genetic structure and morphological differentiation of three Western North American dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium: Viscaceae). Syst. Bot. 40:191–207. doi:10.1600/036364415X686503
Scott, J.M. & R.L. Mathiasen. 2009. Bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe: Arceuthobium microcarpum subsp. aristatae (Viscaceae), a new subspecies of western spruce dwarf mistletoe from northern Arizona. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3:13–22.
Shaw, C.G. 1982. Mountain hemlock is an occasional host for hemlock dwarf mistletoe in Alaska. Pl. Dis. 66:852–854.
Smith, R.B. 1969. Assessing dwarf mistletoe on western hemlock. Forest. Sci. 15:277–285.
Smith, R.B. 1974. Infection and development of dwarf mistletoes on plantation-grown trees in British Columbia. Report BC-X-97, Canad. Forest. Serv., Pacific Forestry Res. Centre, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Smith, R.B. & E.F. Wass. 1976. Field evaluation of ecological differentiation of dwarf mistletoe on shore pine and western hemlock. Canad. J. Forest Res. 6:225–228.
Smith, R.B. & E.F. Wass. 1979. Infection trials with three dwarf mistletoe species within and beyond their known ranges in British Columbia. Canad. J. Pl. Path. 1:47–57.
Southwest Environmental Information Network. 2017. Available on-line at http://swbiodiversity.org/portal/index.php. (Accessed 15 April 2017).
Wass, E.F. 1976. Ecological study of shore pine stands infested with dwarf mistletoe on southeastern Vancouver Island. Report BC-X-142. Canad. Dept. Environ., Pacific Forestry Res. Centre, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Wass, E.F. & R.L. Mathiasen. 2003. A new subspecies of Arceuthobium tsugense (Viscaceae) from British Columbia and Washington. Novon 13:268–276.
Weir, J.R. 1915. A new host for a species of Razoumofskya. Phytopath. 5:73.
Weir, J.R. 1916. Mistletoe injury to conifers in the Northwest. USDA Bull. 360.
Wellwood, R.W. 1956. Some effects of dwarf mistletoe on western hemlock. Forest. Chron. 32:282–296.
Etheridge, D.E. 1973. Wound parasites causing tree decay in British Columbia. Forest Pest Leaflet 62, Canad. Forest. Serv., Dept. of Environ., Pacific Forestry Res. Centre, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Filip, G.M., J.S. Hadfield, & C. Schmitt. 1979. Branch mortality of true firs in west-central Oregon associated with dwarf mistletoe and canker fungi. Pl. Dis. Rep. 63:189?193.
Frankis, M. 2009. The high elevation white pines of Mexico and the adjacent SW USA. Pinus L. subgenus Strobus Lemmon, Pinaceae. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearb. 2008:64–72.
Gill, L.S. 1935. Arceuthobium in the United States. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 32:111–245.
Hawksworth, F.G. 1977. The 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating system. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-48, USDA Forest Serv., Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Sta., Ft. Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Hawksworth, F.G. 1987. Taxonomy of hemlock dwarf mistletoe. In: S. J. Cooley, ed. Proceedings of the 34th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. USDA Forest Serv., Forest Health Management, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. Pp. 45–46.
Hawksworth, F.G. & D. Wiens. 1972. Biology and classification of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium). Agric. Handb. 401, USDA Forest Serv., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Hawksworth, F.G. & D. Wiens. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology, and systematics. Agric. Handb. 709, USDA Forest Serv., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Hawksworth, F.G., D. Wiens, & D.L. Nickrent.1992. New western North American taxa of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae). Novon 2:204–211. doi:10.2307/3391549
Hennon, P.E., J.S. Beatty, & D. Hildebrand. 2001. Hemlock dwarf mistletoe. Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 135, USDA Forest Serv., Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Hildebrand, D.M. 1995. Arceuthobium tsugense hemlock dwarf mistletoe. A species of special concern? USDA Forest Serv., Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Hunt, R.S. & R.B. Smith. 1978. Natural infection of two new hosts by hemlock dwarf mistletoe in British Columbia. Canad. Pl. Dis. Surv. 58:31–32.
Kenaley, S.C., R.L. Mathiasen, & C.M. Daugherty. 2016. Morphological evidence for continued species recognition among white pine dwarf mistletoes (Viscaceae): Arceuthobium apachecum, A. blumeri, A. californicum, A. cyanocarpum, and A. monticola. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 10:361?383.
Kuijt, J. 1956. A new record of dwarf mistletoe on lodgepole and western white pine. Madroño 13:170?172.
Kuijt, J. 1969. A systematic study of branching patterns in dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22:1–38.
Kuijt, J. 2012. Viscaceae. In: Baldwin, B.G., D. Goldman, D.J. Keil, R. Patterson, T.J. Rosatii, & D.H. Wilken, eds. The Jepson manual: Vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. Pp. 600–603.
Mathiasen, R. 1982. Taxonomic studies of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp.) parasitizing Pinus strobiformis. Great Basin Nat. 42:120–127.
Mathiasen, R.L. 1994. Natural infection of new hosts by hemlock dwarf mistletoe. USDA Forest Serv., Res. Note RM-RN-530, Rocky Mtn. Res. Sta., Ft. Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
Mathiasen, R.L. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes in forest canopies. N. W. Sci. 70 (Special Issue):61–71.
Mathiasen, R.L. 1998. Comparative susceptibility of conifers to larch dwarf mistletoe in the Pacific Northwest. Forest. Sci. 44:559–568.
Mathiasen, R.L. 2007. A new combination for Hawksworth’s dwarf mistletoe. Novon 17:217–221.
Mathiasen, R.L. 2008. New combinations for Arceuthobium aureum (Viscaceae) in Mexico and Central America. Novon 18:501–507.
Mathiasen, R.L. 2011. Susceptibility of conifers to three dwarf mistletoes in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains. W. J. Appl. Forest. 26:13?18.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2005. Comparative susceptibility of conifers to western hemlock dwarf mistletoe in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. W. J. Appl. Forest. 20:94?100.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2007. Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. amabilae, a new subspecies of hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Viscaceae) from Oregon. Novon 17:222–227. doi:10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[222:ATSAAN]2.0.CO;2
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2008. Distribution of red fir and noble fir in Oregon based on dwarf mistletoe host specificity. N. W. Sci. 82:108–119.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2009. Arceuthobium abietinum subspecies wiensii, a new subspecies of fir dwarf mistletoe (Viscaceae) from northern California and southern Oregon. Madroño 56:118?126.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2010. Susceptibility of Brewer spruce (Picea breweriana) to dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae). N. W. Sci. 84:295?301.
Mathiasen, R.L. & C.M. Daugherty. 2013. Additional morphological measurements of Arceuthobium littorum and A. occidentale (Viscaceae). Phytologia 95:70–78.
Mathiasen, R.L. & F.G. Hawksworth. 1988. Dwarf mistletoes on western white pine and whitebark pine in northern California and southern Oregon. Forest. Sci. 34:429–440.
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2015a. A morphometric analysis of the dwarf mistletoes in the Arceuthobium campylopodum-occidentale complex (Viscaceae). Madroño 62:1–20.
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2015b. A morphometric analysis of Arceuthobium campylopodum, A. laricis, and A. tsugense (Viscaceae). Phytologia 97:200–218.
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2016. The classification of California Viscaceae: An alternative perspective. Madroño 63:8–33. doi: 10.3120/0024-9637-62.1.1
Mathiasen, R.L. & S.C. Kenaley. 2017. Contrasting perspectives on the measurements and taxonomy of Arceuthobium: A long standing controversy. Phytologia 99:95–110.
Mathiasen, R.L., S.C. Kenaley, & C.M. Daugherty. 2016. A morphometric analysis of Arceuthobium campylopodum and Arceuthobium divaricatum (Viscaceae). Aliso 34:9–23.
Moreno-Letelier, A. & D. Piñero. 2009. Phylogeographic structure of Pinus strobiformis Engelm. across the Chihuahuan Desert filter-barrier. J. Biogeogr. 36:121–131.
Muir, J.A. & B.W. Geils. 2002. Management strategies for dwarf mistletoes: Silviculture. In B.W. Geils, J. Cibrián Tovar, & B. Moody (tech. coords.). Mistletoes of North American conifers. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-98, USDA Forest Serv., Rocky Mtn. Res. Sta., Ogden, Utah, U.S.A. Pp. 83–94.
Muir, J.A. & P.E. Hennon. 2007. A synthesis of the literature on the biology, ecology, and management of western hemlock dwarf mistletoe. USDA Forest Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-718, Pacific N. W. Res. Sta., Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
Nickrent, D.L. 2012. Justification for subspecies in Arceuthobium campylopodum (Viscaceae). Phytoneuron 51:1–11.
Nickrent, D.L. 2016. Viscaceae Batch—Christmas Mistletoe Family. In: Flora of North America. Volume 12. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, U.S.A. Pp. 422?440.
Nickrent, D.L., M.A. García, M.P. Martín, & R.L. Mathiasen. 2004. A phylogeny of all species of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 91:125–138. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.1.125
Nickrent, D.L. & A.L. Stell. 1990. Electrophoretic evidence for genetic differentiation in two host races of hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense). Biochem. Sys. Ecol. 18:267–280.
Norton, D.A. & M.A. Carpenter. 1998. Mistletoes as parasites: Host specificity and speciation. Tree 13:101–105.
Quinn, G.P. & M.J. Keough. 2002. Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511806384
Rancher, A.C. 2002. Methods of multivariate analysis. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY. doi:10.1002/0471271357
Reif, B.P., R.L. Mathiasen, S.C. Kenaley, & G.J. Allan. 2015. Genetic structure and morphological differentiation of three Western North American dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium: Viscaceae). Syst. Bot. 40:191–207. doi:10.1600/036364415X686503
Scott, J.M. & R.L. Mathiasen. 2009. Bristlecone pine dwarf mistletoe: Arceuthobium microcarpum subsp. aristatae (Viscaceae), a new subspecies of western spruce dwarf mistletoe from northern Arizona. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3:13–22.
Shaw, C.G. 1982. Mountain hemlock is an occasional host for hemlock dwarf mistletoe in Alaska. Pl. Dis. 66:852–854.
Smith, R.B. 1969. Assessing dwarf mistletoe on western hemlock. Forest. Sci. 15:277–285.
Smith, R.B. 1974. Infection and development of dwarf mistletoes on plantation-grown trees in British Columbia. Report BC-X-97, Canad. Forest. Serv., Pacific Forestry Res. Centre, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Smith, R.B. & E.F. Wass. 1976. Field evaluation of ecological differentiation of dwarf mistletoe on shore pine and western hemlock. Canad. J. Forest Res. 6:225–228.
Smith, R.B. & E.F. Wass. 1979. Infection trials with three dwarf mistletoe species within and beyond their known ranges in British Columbia. Canad. J. Pl. Path. 1:47–57.
Southwest Environmental Information Network. 2017. Available on-line at http://swbiodiversity.org/portal/index.php. (Accessed 15 April 2017).
Wass, E.F. 1976. Ecological study of shore pine stands infested with dwarf mistletoe on southeastern Vancouver Island. Report BC-X-142. Canad. Dept. Environ., Pacific Forestry Res. Centre, Victoria, B.C., Canada.
Wass, E.F. & R.L. Mathiasen. 2003. A new subspecies of Arceuthobium tsugense (Viscaceae) from British Columbia and Washington. Novon 13:268–276.
Weir, J.R. 1915. A new host for a species of Razoumofskya. Phytopath. 5:73.
Weir, J.R. 1916. Mistletoe injury to conifers in the Northwest. USDA Bull. 360.
Wellwood, R.W. 1956. Some effects of dwarf mistletoe on western hemlock. Forest. Chron. 32:282–296.
Publicado
2017-11-29
Cómo citar
Mathiasen, R. L., & Kenaley, S. C. (2017). Arceuthobium tsugense (Viscaceae): four subspecies with contrasting morphologies and host distributions. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 11(2), 363–390. https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v11.i2.1076
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SISTEMÁTICA
