Morphology and identification of the seedlings of selected woody/semi-woody species of dicotyledons sensu lato growing wild in South Florida (U.S.A.). Part II. Species with hypogeal germination
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v16.i2.1261Abstract
Herein, I describe and compare the seedlings of 23 species which have hypogeal germination and of an additional species having germination intermediate between hypogeal and epigeal. The species are of trees, shrubs, and woody vines of dicotyledons sensu lato which grow wild in south Florida. In those species the portion of seedling stem situated distal to the cotyledons consists of two main parts: the basal stem sector and the distal stem sector. The first-formed foliage leaves develop on the distal stem sector. The basal stem sector serves to position those foliage leaves sufficiently high aboveground to intercept adequate ambient light; thus, it is functionally equivalent to the elongated hypocotyl in species having epigeal germination. Certain of the studied species exhibit cotyledons that are entirely or partly connate and/or peltate, unlike the adult leaves. For each species I characterize the macroscopical features of the diaspores, cotyledons, basal stem sector, distal stem sector, and leaves, as well as the presence vs. absence of, the kinds of, and the distribution of trichomes. I conclude with a taxonomic key for identifying the seedlings of all considered species. Twenty-two and two of the species are native to, and exotic within Florida, respectively.
References
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WILDER, G.J. & J.M. MCCOLLOM. 2018. A floristic inventory of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (Collier County and Lee County), Florida, U.S.A. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 12(1):265–315.
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WILDER, G.J. & K. RELISH. 2022. Morphology and identification of the seedlings of selected woody/semi-woody species of dicotyledons sensu lato growing wild in south Florida. Part I. Species with epigeal germination. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 16(2):79–164.
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WUNDERLIN, R.P., B.F. HANSEN, & A.R. FRANCK. 2017. Flora of Florida. Vol. IV. Dicotyledons, Combretaceae through Amaranthaceae. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
WUNDERLIN, R.P., B.F. HANSEN, & A.R. FRANCK. 2018. Flora of Florida. Vol. V. Dicotyledons, Gisekiaceae through Boraginaceae. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. U.S.A.
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CROAT, T. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
CRONQUIST, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York, U.S.A.
DE VOGEL, E.F. 1980. Seedlings of dicotyledons. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wageningen, Netherlands.
EAMES, A.J. 1961. Morphology of the angiosperms. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, U.S.A.
ESAU, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S.A.
GANN, G.D., K.A. BRADLEY, & S.W. WOODMANSEE. 2002. Rare plants of South Florida: Their history, conservation, and restoration. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, Florida, U.S.A.
GARWOOD, N.C. 2009. Seedlings of Barro Colorado Island and the Neotropics. Comstock Publishing Associates. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
GLEASON, H.A. & A. CRONQUIST. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, U.S.A.
GODFREY, R.K. & J.W. WOOTEN. 1981. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States. Vol. II. Dicotyledons. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
GOEBEL, K. 1932. Organographie der Pflanzen insbesondere der Archegoniaten und Samenpflanzen. Dritter Teil, Samenpflanzen, Erste Hälfte. 3’d ed. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany.
GRAY, A. 1879. The botanical text-book. Part I. Structural botany. 6th ed. Macmillan and Company, London, England.
HOPKINS, W.G. 1995. Introduction to plant physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
JACKSON, B.D. 1928. A glossary of botanic terms. 4th ed. Gerald Duckworth & Co., London, England.
JUDD, W.S., C.S. CAMPBELL, E.A. KELLOGG, P.F. STEVENS, & M.J. DONOGHUE. 2008. Plant systematics. 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
LAWRENCE, G.H.M. 1955. An introduction to plant taxonomy. The Macmillan Co., New York, U.S.A.
LITTLE, S.A., R.A. STOCKEY, & B. PENNER. 2009. Anatomy and development of fruits of Lauraceae from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert. Amer. J. Bot. 96(3):637–651.
LUBBOCK, J. 1892. A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., London, England.
MA, J. 2016. Hippocratea Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 12. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A.
NELSON, G. 1994. The trees of Florida. Pineapple Press, Inc., Sarasota, Florida, U.S.A.
NELSON, G. 1996. The shrubs and woody vines of Florida. Pineapple Press, Inc., Sarasota, Florida, U.S.A.
SMALL, J.K. 1972. Manual of the southeastern flora. Facsimile reprint of the 1933 edition. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, U.S.A.
SWARTZ, D. 1971. Collegiate dictionary of botany. The Ronald Press Co., New York, U.S.A.
TOMLINSON, P.B. 2001. The biology of trees native to tropical Florida. 2nd ed. Harvard Printing & Publication Services, Allston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
VAN DER WERFF, H. 1997a. Lauraceae Jussieu. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A.
VAN DER WERFF, H. 1997b. Nectandra Rolander ex Rottboll. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A.
WILDER, G.J. 2020. Morphology and symmetry of the vegetative parts of Smilax auriculata (Smilacaceae). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 14(1):81–102.
WILDER, G.J. & M.R. MCCOMBS. 2006. New and significant records of vascular plants for Florida and for Collier County and Lee County, Florida. Sida 22:787–799.
WILDER, G.J. & B.J. ROCHE. 2009. A floristic inventory of Marco Island (Collier County), Florida. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3(2):873–899.
WILDER, G.J., S.V. SPRUNT, J.A. DUQESNEL, & S.F. KOLTERMAN. 2014. A floristic inventory of Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park and immediately adjacent lands (Monroe County), Florida, U.S.A. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 8(1):227–251.
WILDER, G.J. & M.J. BARRY. 2012. A floristic inventory of Dismal Key and Fakahatchee Island—two shell mounds situated within the Ten Thousand Islands region in the Gulf of Mexico (Collier County, Florida). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(1):259–272.
WILDER, G.J. & B.L. THOMAS. 2016. A floristic inventory of Collier-Seminole State Park and immediately adjacent lands (Collier County), Florida, U.S.A. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 10(1):201–244.
WILDER, G.J. & J.M. MCCOLLOM. 2018. A floristic inventory of Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary (Collier County and Lee County), Florida, U.S.A. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 12(1):265–315.
WILDER, G.J., J.M. MCCOLLOM, BRENDA THOMAS, & K. RELISH. 2021. A floristic inventory and reassessment of the flora of Sanibel Island (Lee Co.), Florida, U.S.A. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 15(1):201–260.
WILDER, G.J. & K. RELISH. 2022. Morphology and identification of the seedlings of selected woody/semi-woody species of dicotyledons sensu lato growing wild in south Florida. Part I. Species with epigeal germination. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 16(2):79–164.
WOFFORD, B.E. 1997. Persea Miller. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press, New York, U.S.A.
WUNDERLIN, R.P. & B.F. HANSEN. 2015. Flora of Florida. Vol. II. Dicotyledons, Cabombaceae through Geraniaceae. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
WUNDERLIN, R.P. & B.F. HANSEN. 2016. Flora of Florida. Vol. III. Dicotyledons, Vitaceae through Urticaceae. University Press of Florida, Gaines-ville, Florida, U.S.A.
WUNDERLIN, R.P., B.F. HANSEN, & A.R. FRANCK. 2017. Flora of Florida. Vol. IV. Dicotyledons, Combretaceae through Amaranthaceae. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
WUNDERLIN, R.P., B.F. HANSEN, & A.R. FRANCK. 2018. Flora of Florida. Vol. V. Dicotyledons, Gisekiaceae through Boraginaceae. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. U.S.A.
WUNDERLIN, R.P., B.F. HANSEN, A.R. FRANCK, & F.B. ESSIG. 2021. Atlas of Florida plants. http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
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Published
2022-11-29
How to Cite
Wilder, G. J. (2022). Morphology and identification of the seedlings of selected woody/semi-woody species of dicotyledons sensu lato growing wild in South Florida (U.S.A.). Part II. Species with hypogeal germination. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 16(2), 449–498. https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v16.i2.1261
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ANATOMY, DEVELOPMENT, AND STRUCTURE
